Is Participation In Development Still A Tyranny

Is familiarity In Development Still A totalitarianism everyplace the past thirty years Participation has become growing orthodoxy in both theory and practice (Cornwall 2003 1325). The basic aim of democratic evolution (PD) is to add the involvement of socially and economically marginalized peoples in decision-making over their own lives (Guijt, 1998 1). PD approaches necessitate to empower topical anesthetic communities and recognizes verdant poor themselves as the primary agents of throw with the capacity to transform their lives (ESCAP, 2009). In re centime years, however, there shoot been an increasing number of criticisms from policy gors, practitioners and academics regarding the widely applied participatory approaches to culture. Many elements of this approach hurl been challenged on the basis that participatory approaches often failed to achieve meaningful social change, imputable to its inability to engage with problems of power relations and underlying politi cs (Hic blusher and Mohan, 2005 237). Questions take aim been raised regarding the methods of participatory study and the impact of policies on various aspects of development, such as society relations, power structures, social conditions, rights of the poor, the role of grassroots civil parliamentary law organisations in rural development, and the nature of cognition (ESCAP, 2009).In this context, important publications work emerged representing polar vistas and critiques of the elaborateness approach, one against Participation The New absolutism? (Cooke, and Kothari, 2001), and anformer(a) much positive assessment Participation From Tyranny To Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development (Hickey, and Mohan, 2004), which scrutinizes the various arguments. These works have generated heated debates ab come out the purpose of intricacy which nearly argue carries within it an inherent tyrannical potential for marginalising those who argon a lready less vocal, scarcely whom it seeks to empower (Cooke and Kothari, 2001). Later, more optimistic publications discuss, what stick out be done around participatory development and social change (Chambers, 2005b 718).In order to address the question at hand, this writing examines the current debates on federation in development. The essay volition consider a case study that uses participatory approaches in their project. This intervention has been implemented with alter degrees of success. The case elect focuses on a project entitled the Rural pissing Supply Management Programme in Rajasthan, India, in order to illustrate some of the different effects of applying this approach.The paper is divided into four instalments The first section begins by discussing the emergence of participation in development from both the historical and conceptual perspectives. It indeed proceeds to the second section which analyses participatory development in practice. The length of the pap er does not al showtime for a detailed discussion on the methods of participatory approaches, such as participatory poverty assessment, rapid rural appraisal and participatory rural appraisal (PPA/RRA/PRA). Therefore, this section will notwithstanding provide a brief overview of these approaches and their use in development projects. In the third section follows a discussion on what is meant by the tyranny of participatory development. The fourth, concluding section seeks to draw some lessons from the discussion and analysis of the case study and provides a hint of what the literature suggests may be in store for participatory development in the future.1. Emergence of Participation in DevelopmentFirst let us consider how participation in development has emerged and what are some of the disputative interpretations of this concept.The emergence of the participatory development is tied into critiques of both theory and practice (Mohan, 2002 50). In the late 1950s, the term participa tion or participatory was coined for the first conviction in the field of development (Rahnema, 1992 117). The inception of participatory development is linked to colonial times and the mission to bring modernity from the west to the then exploitation countries. indeed, there was an increasing trend to equate development with modern western companionship and practices by means of a top-down approach to countries in the southern (Schuurman, 1993 187-191).Critiquing this trend, social activists and field workers observed that non-inclusion of the people concerned in a development project from its inception to the implementation stage led to limited benefits of the development venture (Rahnema, 1992117). This top-down approach carried Eurocentric and positivists ideas which disempowered beneficiaries (Escobar, 1995 Peet and Watts, 1996 20-25 Chambers, 1997 cited in Mohan, 2002 50). This concern was raised in the 1970s, by Paulo Freire, a Brazilian educator, who argued that develop ment should not be the fringe benefit of some few persons, but the right of everyone (Freire, 2003 88). He promoted participatory development approaches, in contrast to top-down practices, by arguing I pilenot think for others or without others, nor others raise think for me (Freire, 2003 108). In his Pedagogy of Oppressed Freire emphasized knowledge creation of the marginalized by increasing their awareness about their rights and establishing networks of solidarity to encourage dialogue which would modify people to express their needs and give them a sense of ownership of the projects.A similar view was echoed by Robert Chambers who challenged the various biases of development polices and interventions that make the poor invisible by distinguishing between uppers, i.e. the powerful practitioners and lowers, i.e. the powerless beneficiaries (Chambers, 1983 1997 2005a Williams, 2004 560). He argued that this top-down approach implies uppers empowering lowers between all levels. T o do this, they must individually relinquish degrees of control themselves (Chambers, 2005a 72). Thus, for Chambers, participatory development is a new paradigm, which will lead to empowerment of the beneficiaries, and a shift from hierarchical top-down development projects. He advocates open power structures which will bring personal and institutional change (Williams, 2004 560). Hence, participation of topical anaesthetic communities was stressed to end the top-down approach in development projects and participation became widely practiced.1.1 democratic ApproachesThere are a myriad of methods for conducting participatory development in practice. However, the most extensively used methodology is Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). The other approaches include Participatory poverty assessments (PPA) and Rapid rural appraisal (RRA). The PRA approach is based on achieving change and a reversal of roles, behaviours and relationships. Though, this may be carried out by external deve lopment practitioners, their role is limited to facilitating the focus group, by listening to them and sharing methods with the local people to help them reflect on their on own knowledge. The outsiders do not transfer technology. The strength of the PRA method lies in correspondence the local needs providing local ideas extracting, create and investing local resources and generating development ideas (Chambers, 1997 103, 2005a87, also cited in Mohan, 2003 52). PRA collects and records data on local customs and practices for a predefined development issue, whereas the RRA approach is used by outside practitioners to plan, and target the improvement of a given intervention. Finally, PPA, influences policies at the macro level in relation to poverty reduction development projects (cited in ESCAP, 2009 13 for original see Norton et al., 2001). Thus, PRA is considered to be the more important approach to promote empowerment.The participatory development method involves all stakeholder s who are prompted, by the policies, decisions, and actions of the system. This may include individuals, groups, communities, local government institutions, local and multinational institutions, self-help groups (Chambers, 2005a87). This approach is used by the World Bank, non-governmental organisations, aid agencies and academicians, which for instance have applied PRA for climate change adaptation projects.2. Participatory Development in exerciseThis section will examine (the) participatory development in practice finished case study. The aim of this example is to illustrate different aspect of participation in development and how it can lead to potential tyranny. baptistery Study Rural Water Supply Organisation in Rajasthan, IndiaThis case study, which looks at the Jal Bhagirathi tush (JBF) situated in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, demonstrates how sexual urge is dynamic and gender norms can be altered when matters as significant as social participation are negotiated and body of p ee focal point is put into practice (Berry, 201048). Social participation is associated with gender in the conduct of this non-governmental organization in water supply management.India is the one of the largest consumer of water today. Water is considered to be a womens resource in large parts of rural India, as women have the responsibility to fetch water for domestic purposes 86 per cent of the time (Bhatia, 2004 cited in Berry, 201049). Women seeking water often have to travel long distances, and sometimes are confronted with reduced water supply availability. This means that women having to pass away more time in storing and preventing contamination of water. This predicament applies to rural women in many regions. For example, women in Nepalese villages are house bound with domestic responsibilities in juxtaposition with men engaged in economic activity, which may put women in a situation where they are excluded from participating in water management decision making. Moreove r, a lack of electricity stuffs women from collecting water from the water pumps (Shah, 2006 Berry and Mollard, 2010 49).The household shapes gender relations, as well as playing key role in the use of water. Domestic water use connects women with women of other households (Cleaver, 1998). These household dynamics and local customs reinforce gender inequities (Cleaver, 2001 cited in Berry, 2010 50). Thus, because of their low social status, women are perceived as being uneducated and ineffective to take official decisions, which constrains their participation in water user associations. Barriers to institutions and political engagement make women dependent on informal forms of participation(Mohan and Hickey, 2004 and Berry, 2010 51). Thus, when women go to fetch water, they meet other women socially and engage in informal discussions about their lives and information sharing.In South Asia, and specifically in India and Nepal, company, race, religion, age and family play a signif icant role in defining how gender affects and is reflected in water management practices. Thus high caste women are likely to be involved in decision making due to their interest in the quality of water, whereas, lower caste women may be more shopive of having easy access to the water supply. It is also important to note that since most of the rural women are poor and are likely to lead the kind of life mentioned above, they will be less interested in participating in water supply management due to their already busy schedules.Given these types of social scenarios, JBF a non-governmental, has taken initiatives to empower women in water management decision making and provide public berth for their participation, as women are the real stake holders. In addressing the above issue, JBF is required to develop relations with governments, aid donors and work within the customary practices of the local communities. UNDP has been actively involved with JBF to promote womens participatory w ater initiatives and make governance more participatory. A UNDP sponsored evaluation in 2008 acknowledged the progress made by JBF by building wells and tanks closer to houses, resulted in a reduction of the four kilometer average walking distance in the targeted regions and decreased the time worn out(p) by women for collecting water (Berry, 2010 54). JBF also helped these rural women by establishing self help groups and linking them with banks for small house loans. Even though the JBF project resulted in varying degrees of success, criticisms were raised, regarding the lack of convergence between water initiatives undertaken by mainstream village institutions dominated by men and womens self help group (ibid.).JBF recognizes that womens role is central to the lodge water management practices. Communities may also manifest themselves as sites of conflict and shifting alliances influenced by power and social structures, both exclusionary as well as inclusive (Berry, 2010 58). JBF faced the following problems in the case of Rajasthani women, such as their having low autonomy even in their own households and often being unable to work out of the house, due to cultural norms. The women often did not attend meetings, as they were illiterate, and therefore it was difficult to get them involved in village water practices, as they also felt shy to talk in front of men. These rural women are facing two contradictory problems. Firstly, patriarchal society and conventional customs exert pressures geared to maintaining privileges associated with the prevailing social and gender hierarchy, and, secondly, they have been faced with the introduction of modernity which is transforming rural economies. Hence, traditional understandings of gender, and local power structures have come into conflict with the externally disseminated strategies. As a result of this conflict, JBF projects have provided little benefit to rural women although they were meant to promote gender equi ty and participation on one hand and reifying traditional cultural practices on the other (McCusker and Oberhauser, 2006 cited in Berry, 2010 63).3. Tyranny of Participation in DevelopmentMuch of the discourse on participation in development has been challenged over the past two decades. Criticisms have been raised about the participatory approaches and demand at best their rethinking, if not their abandonment (Cooke, and Kothari, 20012). The critiques principally emerge from within the field of development itself (ibid. 5) after the failure of current forms of participatory development to engage with the issues of power and politics raised by its quarrel of empowerment (Hickey, and Mohan, 2005 241). These criticisms are viewed by Cooke, and Kothari (2001) as tyranny in development practice. Tyranny here means, Illegitimate exercise of power in participation. The authors have identified three types of tyrannies first, the Tyranny of decision making and control second, tyranny of the group and third, tyranny of method. However, there are other points of criticism raised by academics and practitioners which will be referred to in relevant parts of the following discussion.3.1 The knowledge claims of Participatory DevelopmentParticipatory development is designed to uncover the local realities of the poor and ensure their involvement in decision making (Cleaver, 1999 599-600). This claim to understanding the local knowledge and particularly PRA approach has been highly criticised by field practitioners. Chambers (1994) makes claims in support of the reliability and accuracy of the knowledge obtained through PRA approach. However, Campbell (2001) rejects these claims, and argues that whilst approaches, such as RRA and PRA, were aimed to generate more or less accurate information, practitioners have been using them as the only model for project research. Hence, Campbell proposes an integration of PRA approach with qualitative and quantitative methods to generate in-depth understanding which would not be possible to achieve through techniques of observation (ESCAP, 2009 22-23).3.2 Tokenism name and address to participatory models have become an attractive slogan and strategy for governments to acquire political advantages and foreign aid. These slogans generate the impression that governments are sensitive to all the local needs (Rahnema, 1992118). Participatory methods in development process are increasingly viewed as an important tool to effectively avoid the past mistakes by undertaking projects which require awareness of the local knowledge of the field access to networks which help to succeed the ongoing project and provides avenues for future investments in rural areas and cooperation of the local organisations to bestow out development initiatives. In this view, grassroots organisations play significant role in providing technical and human resource assistance in the field, and by getting investments for the projects (Rahnema, 1992 119).The foreign assistance agreements with recipient countries show the willingness of the latter to participate in the global efforts of their developed associates. This collaboration has helped developing countries governments with sophisticated systems of control over their populations (Rahnema, 1992117), as this approach allows governments to be present everywhere to manage democratic participation. Thus, this approach to participation results in exploitative practices contrary to the wishes of the majority of the population, whereas development polices have a tendency to influence the minds of the people to become dependent on modern services. In this manner, their participation in policymaking and decisions is sought to confirm the support for the same needs. Thus, development projects which benefit only a few obtain majority support due to misperception that these advantages will soon be accessible to them as well (Rahnema, 1992118).3.3 Tyranny of the Group and Tyranny of Me thodThe participatory development approach is critiqued for considering communities as socially homogeneous quite then distinguishing the heterogeneous groups of people in a society or community. This view does not take into account the embedded inequalities within the communities, and ends up reinforcing the existing marginalization and power conflicts between uppers and lowers (Cleaver, 2001 44 Kothari, 2001 one hundred forty Mohan, 2002 53). Others, Mosse (1994, 2001) and Guijt (1998), have raised concerns about the nature of knowledge and reliability of the information. Although, this approach may have empowered a given local community to some extent, the literature suggests that support for community has meant that funding and authority is transferred to the already privileged whilst the oppressed are further excluded (Mohan, 2002 53). However, in this context, gender differences and community need to be distinguished as separate groups in applying PRA and other approaches, as conflating these conceptually could be problematic.Mosse argues that local knowledge is generated in a social context which is influenced by power, authority and gender inequality (ESCAP, 2009 23). Mosse further highlights that the problem of knowledge generation via PRA approach is likely to be influenced by the predefined agenda of the outsider and their interaction with insider community members. This space of interaction is where each group repeatedly tries to anticipate the others wishes and intentions (ESCAP, 2009 23). This supposition is a matter of concern to Mosse and he discusses how the process of acquiring the local knowledge shapes the relationship between beneficiary communities and development institutions. Thus, this makes local knowledge, compatible with bureaucratic planning (Mosse, 1994 ESCAP, 2009 23).The case study discussed on gender equity in this paper shows that local village men do not share the same, nor are they willing to cooperate. They are caught up i n local politics. Often decentalisation and participation cause the more vocal in the already advantaged group to remain in their position, which defeats the very purpose of participatory development by preventing the flow of contextualized knowledge, and decrease the effectiveness of interventions (Perret, and Wilson, 2010196).Criticisms have also been levied against the methods of Participatory Development. Stirrat (1996) raised concerns about the idea of dual forms of knowledge local and scientific knowledge. He argues that in the age of globalization, knowledge cannot exist in isolation but is mutually dependent on interrelationships.3.4 The Myth of CommunityAccording to Cleaver (2001 603) the community in participatory approaches to development is often viewed as natural social entity characterized by shared values. It is believed that these values can be manifested in simple organizational form. This view is refuted by many. The effrontery that the community as a natural enti ty and is identifiable in any location with defined boundaries and rights to membership appears to be simplistic. This imaginary view of a community or myth can have wider implications and lead to generalizations about all communities as having similar characteristics. As Stirrat (1996) notes, communities are physical spaces where people interact socially.3.5 The Tyranny of Decision Making And ControlThis view of Participatory approaches which emphasizes consensus building -and shared values is rather illusiory. Stirrat (1996) argues that these approaches with their supposed cooperation and solidarity is a new form of Orientalism, which ties in with ideas of mastery and power relations. It is evident that in practice the power of decision making ultimately lies with the development agencies (Mosse, 2001). Therefore the participatory approach is criticised for not recognizing the social vicissitude and conflicts which pave the way for social exclusion (Cleaver, 2001 ESCAP, 2009 24-2 5). It is argued that the approach is used in the name of empowering people and represents external interests as local needs, and dominant interests as community concerns (Mosse, 200122). This perception of participation has the potential of oppressing the beneficiaries and leading them to challenge the social hierarchies in the society (Kothari, 2001 143).3.6 The Bureaucratic organizationsWhen the organizational interests clash with the ideals of empowerment this leads to bureaucratisation of participation (Richards, 1995 Mohan, 2002). This conflict can lead to withdrawal of the project (Mosse, 2001). The civil society organisations can create competition with local organizations, as large amounts of aid money are chanelled through such organisations. This competition can sideline the weaker organisations, which will further undermine their development projects. In order to seek better funding, these organisations develop alliances with the donor organisations in the North. This pe rspective shows how the local governments authority is by-passed and that these grass roots agencies focus on increasing their capacity. Many such partnerships between northern countries organisations and those of southern countries come with a price. The delivery of aid money comes with an agenda (Mohan, 2002 53). Thus, in effect, the development project of such organisations subjugates those who are supposed to be empowered. As these civil society organisations are accountable to their donor originations, they are also time bound and have certain targets and objectives to achieve in order to continue the source of their funding, which may affect the development of the projects (Stirrat ,1996 ESCAP, 2009).3.7 From tyranny to transformationThis section briefly examines the present state of participatory approaches from the works of Hickey and Mohan (2004) and other literature produced in the aftermath of criticisms about the shortcomings and tyranny of participatory approaches. They argue that participation has expanded its role in development, with new methods appearing in theory and practice, and note that, in recent times, developing countries are engaged in formulating creative strategies to express their needs and are better aware of their rights. They stress the transformative approach to development by means of gaining an understanding of the power structures and politics of participation in development. Hickey and Mohan propose the creation of synergies between local projects and political action and governance at the state level. They claim that this synergy will help to overcome the potential tyranny of localized projects and promote social justice and rights based approaches through radical political action. This view proposes changes at the institutional and hierarchal level in order to provide oppressed citizens with an opportunity to take charge of the decisions which affect their lives and advocates promoting the agency of active citizenship by relocating participation within the wider realm of sociopolitical practices. It is assumed that this model of participation in development discourse will provide increased opportunities to the poor to exercise their rights as active members of the society and give them better control over socioeconomic resources (ESCAP, 2009 25).4. ConclusionParticipation has become a popular approach in present-day(a) development discourse. To draw some tentative conclusions from the above analysis, it is evident that empowerment through development has not been fully achieved. Although participatory development has benefited some local communities, the literature suggests that the participatory approach has a patronizing relationship to development. It has been abused by different stakeholders for various ideological and self-serving purposes (Stokke, Mohan, 2000 263), and provided little or no gain to those whom it seeks to empower. As the evidence from the case shows, in the struggle for power observed in the rural water management programme in Rajahstan India, the unsymmetrical status of women meant that they had little access to participation in the water management incentives.It seems reasonable to conclude that many theorists and practitioners may be justified in their claims that participation is disempowering those who are already oppressed because of its inherently tyrannical nature. It can undermine the role of state and powerful transnational development organisations. However, it is important to note that studies on the subject, such as Participation The New Tyranny?, and similar work, does not discourage the use of participation in development per se. The debates on participation rather suggest that issues of inequality and social structure must be addressed to overcome current problems and improve the participatory process.Although the tensions discussed in this paper continue to hinder development, they also present opportunities for the effective use of par ticipatory approaches. Continuing efforts to challenge and transform local power relations by participatory practitioners and agencies with similar interests can bring them on the same platform to work together for effective local participation to the benefit of development. In recent times, many development agencies have changed their focus to incorporate the broader questions of citizenship and sovereignty. Many of these organisations are now seeking avenues for building institutional and state capacity (Mohan, 200253-54). Thus, as Cornwell argues participatory approaches have much to offer, but will only make a difference if they are used with sensitivity to issues of difference and diverse social realities (Cornwall, 2003 1338).Bibliography CitedBerry, K. (2010). Gender and social Participation in a Rural Water Supply Organisation in Rajashtan, India, In Berry, K. and Mollard, E. (eds). Social Participation in Water Governance and Management Critical and world(a) Perspectives. E arthscan, London.Bhatia, R. (2004). NGOs in womens economic development in India an evaluation, in S. Hassan and M. Lyons (eds) Social Capital in Asian Sustainable Development Management, Nova Science Pub, New York.Campbell, J.R. (2001) Participatory rural appraisal as qualitative research Distinguishing methodological issues from participatory claims. Human Organization.Chambers, R. (1983). Rural Development Putting the last first. Longman, Harlow.Chambers, R. (1997). Whose Reality Counts? Putting the first last, average Technology Publications, London.Chambers, R. (2005a). Ideas for Development. Earthsacn, London.Chambers, R. (2005b). Review Participation From Tyranny To Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development, Development in Practice, 15, (5) 717-718. Taylor Francis, Ltd. on behalf of Oxfam GB. Available at http//www.jstor.org/stable/4030152, Accessed environ 1, 2011Cornwall, A. (2003). Whose Voices? Whose Choices? Reflections on Gender and Par ticipatory Development, World Development, 31(8) 1325-1342.Cooke, B. and Kothari, U. (eds). (2001). Participation The New Tyranny? London omega books.Cleaver, F. (1999). Paradoxes of Participation Questioning Participatory Approaches to Development, Journal of International Development, 11 597-612.Cleaver, F. (2001). Institutions, Agency and the Limitations of Participatory Approaches to development in Cooke, B. and Kothari, U. (eds). Participation The New Tyranny? London omega books.ESCAP. (2009). Regional trends, issues and practices in rural poverty reduction Case Studies on Community Participation. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific Publications Office. ST/ESCAP/2571. Available at http//www.unescap.org/pdd/publications/poverty_and_development/trends_rural.pdf Accessed March 1, 2011Escobar, A. (1995). Encountering Development the making and unmaking of the Third World, Princeton University Press, Princeton.Freire, P. (2003). The Pedagogy of the Oppressed. thirtieth anniversary edition, New York.Guijt, I. and Shah, K. M. (eds). (1998). The myth of Community Gender Issues in Participatory development. IT Publications, London.Hickey, S. and Mohan, G. (eds). (2004). Participation From Tyranny to Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development. London Zed Books.Hickey, S. and Mohan, G. (2005). Relocating Participation within a Radical Politics of Development. Development and Change, 36 (2) 237-262.Kothari, U. (2001). Power, Knowledge and Social Control in Participatory Development in Cooke, B. and Kothari, U. (eds). Participation The New Tyranny? London Zed books.Mayo, M. and Craig, G. (1995). Community Participation and Empowerment The Human face of Structural Adjustment or Tools for Democratic Transformation?, in Craig, G. and Mayo, M. (eds) Community Empowerment A Reader in Participation and Development, Zed Books, London.McCusker, B. and Oberhauser, A. M. (2006). An assessment of womens access to na tural resources through communal projects in South Africa, GeoJournal, vol. 66, pp. 325-339.Mosse, D. (1994). Authority, Gender and Knowledge Theoretical Reflections on the Practice of Participatory Rural Appraisal. Development and Change, Vol. 25, pp. 497- 526.Mohan, G. (2002). Participatory development. In Desai, V and Potter, R (eds). The Companion to Development Studies. Arnold London, UK Hodder.Mohan, G. and Hickey, S. (2004) Relocating participations within a radical politics of development critical modernism and citizenship, in S. Hickey and G. Mohan (eds). Participation From Tyranny to Transformation? Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development. London Zed Books.Norton, A. and B. Bird, K. Brock, M. Kakande, C. Turk (2001). A Rough Guide to PPAs. Participatory Poverty Assessment An Introduction to Theory and Practice. London Overseas Development Institute.Peet, R. and

Accounting System in QuickBooks for a Hospital

Accounting System in QuickBooks for a HospitalIntroductionOnce the method of accounting system is installed in the hospital then the hospital records would be kept electronically. All the manual work would be shifted in the computer through the operators. This would lead to many benefits for the organization. root of all the cost of the hospital would be decreased and the time wold be saved for the staff. All the in clayation for the medicines would be kept in the electronic form and it would be convenient for the operators to locate those easily. It pull up stakes help in maintaining following works of the hospital.Services ManagementThis module lead deal with administrations gave by the ameliorate center. Rate of administrations is charged by standards of clinic . It impart think about board , Night Charges , Emergency charges , Age of affected role and divergent parameters while ascertaining the rate of administrations for a proper(postnominal) patient.Patient ManagementEa ch patient treated in healing center will be given novel Patient ID which is reformative in following visits of patients. All patients information is advantageous for MRD purposes.OPD ManagementOPD Registration When a patient goes to the fall ining work argona, another enrollment account is naturally Allotted to him. His particular points of interest like Name, Age, Sex, Address and so forth and the administrations sought ar feeded into the product.OPD Billing / Collection Billing of all OPD patients with have intercourse subtle elements of Patient Information, Services gave like Consultation, Laboratory, X-beam, Ultrasound, Medicines, Procedures and so forth alongside Payment points of interest.Discharge SummaryAfter the release of patient release summary could be consequently produced with simply few press of keys. Lab information can naturally be foreign. Distinguishing offering clever standard arrangement could be set.Laboratory ManagementAs the test is busy at gathering s olicitation is consequently send to research center. Lab can sustain the number later and prints alluring reports.Security ManagementPart base security will be give to client. Customer server building design will be accompanied.Pharmacy ManagementComplete drug store shop could be overseen through this module. Moreover it could be connected to fundamental charging. As patient gathers pharmaceuticals from drug store shop their charges will consequently exchange to patient charging.Payroll HRD ManagementComplete pay might be registered through this module. This module might be connected through Time machines additionally. All fundamental organizations might be created through this module.Accounts ManagementAll buy , expenditures ,installments could be feeded in this module. Receipts might be specifically foreign made from OPD and IPD division.Accounting Information SystemsQuickbooks is accounting programming that gives a ingenuous and effective approach to gather and abridge account ing entropy. Further more than, Quickbooks makes numerous distinctive reports that are functional when dealing with a business.The target of an accounting framework is to gather, condense, and convey data to leaders. Accounting data is utilized toprepare tax returns to send to the IRS and state tax organizations.prepare financial statements for banks and gurus.prepare reports for chiefs and holders to utilize when settling on choices about the business. Such choices arrest Are our clients paying their bills on time? Which of our items are the most beneficial? Will we have enough money to pay our bills one month fro minutesAn accounting framework gathers data about transactions. As an organization behaviors business, it enters into transactions (or trades) with disparate gatherings, for example, clients, merchants, and representatives. Case in point, when a business offers an item to a client, thither are two parts to the transactionthe business gives an item or administration to the client.in trade, the business gains money (or a guarantee to pay later) from the client.Double-entry accountingDouble-entry accounting is utilized to record the two parts to a transaction (1) the measure appropriated is a calculate, and (2) the sum given is a credit. Each entry essential equalization debits must equivalent credits.Double-entry accounting has been utilized for over 500 years. In Italy in the year 1494, Luca Pacioli, a Franciscan minister, and Leonardo da Vinci teamed up on an arithmetic book that depicted double-entry accounting. The double-entry system was utilized by the shippers of Venice to record what was given and appropriated when exchanging.In a manual accounting system, accountants make debit and credit entries in a journal using paper and pencil. When using QuickBooks for your accounting system, you can enter accounting information in two different ways (1) onscreen journal, and (2) onscreen forms.1. Onscreen Journal.You can make debit and credit e ntries in an onscreen journal shown below. Instead of using the onscreen journal, you can use onscreen forms to enter information in QuickBooks.2. Onscreen forms. 1 can enter data about transactions utilizing onscreen structures, for example, those appeared.Quickbooks naturally changes over data entered in onscreen structures into double-entry accounting entrances with debits and credits. Quickbooks administers a rundown of diary sections for all the transactions entered if entered utilizing the onscreen diary or onscreen structureCreating an Accounting System in QuickBooks perverts to create an accounting system using QuickBooks areSet up a new company data file.Quickbooks utilizes an easy step Interview that gets some information about your business. Quickbooks then consequently makes an organization information index for your business. In Part I of this content, Exploring Quickbooks, you will utilize a specimen organization information document that has as of recently been made f or you. In Part II, you will set up another organization utilizing the Easystep Interview. progress to a Chart of Accounts.A chart of accounts is a rundown of every last one of records for an organization. Accounts are utilized to sort and track accounting data. Case in point, a business needs one record for Cash, an alter record to track measures clients owe (Accounts Receivable), but then an alternate record to track stock. Quickbooks consequently makes a diagram of records in the Easystep Interview. Quickbooks licenses you to adjust the diagram of records later, in the wake of finishing the Easystep Interview.Create Lists.Quickbooks utilization records to record and arrange data aboutcustomersvendorsitems (things sold and things acquired, for example, stock)employeesother, (for example owners)Enter transactions.Enter data about transactions into Quickbooks utilizing the onscreen diary or onscreen structures, (for example, onscreen service and onscreen checks).Prepare reports.Re ports outline and convey data around an organizations fiscal position and business operations. Monetary explanations are institutionalized money related reports provided for outer clients (brokers and moguls). budgetary explanations abridge data about past transactions. The essential monetary proclamations for a business areBalance sheet condenses what an organization possesses and owes on a specific date.Profit and loss statement (or income statement) condenses what an organization has earned and the costs acquired to procure the salary.Statement of cash flows compresses money inflows and money surges for working, contributing, and financing exercises of a business.Other financial reports are made for interior clients (supervisors) to support in deciding. A sample of such a report is a money plan that tasks measures of money that will be gathered and used later on.In Part I Exploring Quickbooks, you will research Step 2 making a diagram of records Step 3 making records Step 4 enter ing transactions and Step 5 planning reports. In Part II Small Business Accounting, you will figure out how to set up another organization in Quickbooks and survey Steps 2 through 5.Advantages Disadvantages of QuickBooksRegardless of what the way of your business, keeping an get hold of set of books is crucial. Without faultless business records, it will be challenging to draw in the financing you require in light of the fact that business records are for the most part the first thing potential banks and moguls need to see. Off base or confused business records can likewise make it troublesome to record your taxes, or even land you in heated water with the Internal Revenue Service. Utilizing Quickbooks to keep your business records gives you a chance to maintain a strategic distance from those potential issues.Ease of UseOne issue with accounting projects is that a large portion of them are challenging to utilize and enceinte to take in. Quickbooks, then again, is intended to be natural and straightforward, actually for entrepreneurs who fail to offer an accounting or financial foundation.IntegrationThe capacity to incorporate with different projects is an enormous preference of Quickbooks. In the wake of utilizing the item to enter the sum of their business salary and expenditures, entrepreneurs can without much of a stretch fare that information to their most loved tax planning project to make indexing wage taxes at any rate somewhat less tormenting. Quickbooks likewise incorporates come up with Microsoft Excel, making it simple to import information from different sources and use it in Quickbooks.CustomizationQuickbooks gives various prepared to-utilize layouts entrepreneurs can use to make improvement, spreadsheets, outlines and strategies for success. The product additionally makes it simple to alter the look and feel of those records, providing for them to a lesser degree a treat cutter manifestation and bailing them to emerge in the swarm. The capa city to modify receipts could be especially advantageous, and entrepreneurs can include their organization logo as well as point by point data about for each one one line thing too. That makes it less demanding for clients to accommodate their receipts and pay them on time.Check SigningIn the event that you sign a large(p) deal of checks for your business, utilizing Quickbooks can spare you a ton of time. Quickbooks permits entrepreneurs to output and transfer their marks and utilize those marks to set up the checks for the business. This robotized methodology is much more straightforward and simpler than composing several checks by hand every month.Quickbooks, prepared by Intuit, is a prominent line of accounting programming promoted basically to tiny organizations and non-benefit associations. The product permits clients to deal with a mixed bag of financial records, including deals receipts, installments, tax structures, financial receipts and stock records. Since Quickbooks i s so easy to utilize, most assignments might be finished without an in-profundity learning of accounting systems. Notwithstanding the products easy to understand nature, then again, there are various weaknesses customers ought to be mindful of before putting in the project.Lackluster Audit TrailOne of the essential worries about Quickbooks is the products review trail. Bookkeepers, and in addition entrepreneurs , like an organizations stream of financial data to be in-profundity and overall archived. While Quickbooks does give a review trail to most data, there are a few circumstances where financial data could be changed without go forth any kind of documentation. Basically, this implies that the product leaves an escape clause that could possibly permit an organizations financial records to be altered.No Fixed-Asset SectionContingent upon how a customer utilizes the product, an alternate potential issue is that Quickbooks doesnt accompany a settled possession area. Intuit, under standing the oversight, now gives a differentiate report to posting an organizations altered possessions.Upgrade Fees property in mind the end goal to stay up with the latest, there are various pricey overhauls that entrepreneurs may need to buy. Commonly, these redesigns are just induce once a year to get the most up and coming payroll tables and different administrations.OutagesQuickbooks Online Edition an administration that permits clients to pay a month to month expense to utilize the product through a protected web program -accompanies its own particular remarkable issues. While the online administration offers fewer characteristics than the scope form of the product, the most genuine detriment is the historical backdrop of developed blackouts, which have happened in both 2009 and 2010.BibliographyAdvantages using quickbooks . (n.d.). Retrieved from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-using-quickbooks-4933.htmlDisadvantages of QuickBooks. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//ww w.ehow.com/list_7499063_disadvantages-quickbooks.htmlERP Solutions for Hospital Management. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.acsonnet.com/hospital.htm

Effectiveness of Point of Care System (POC)

Effectiveness of put of C be System (POC)TITLEEffectiveness of Point of Care System (POC) in Decreasing Hospital Shouldered be for wellness Care of Indigent Patients.AUTHORSSeurinane Sean Espanola MD (Principal Investigator), Ma. Elinore Alba-Concha MD (Co-author)INTRODUCTIONTopic BackgroundThe National health policy Act of 2013 Section 6 states that tot each(prenominal)y citizens of the Philippines sh every be covered by the National Health redress chopine precedentitizing acceleration of provision of health services to every last(predicate) Filipinos especially those who can non afford much(prenominal) services. All barrens not enrolled in the program shall have priority provided that they shall be subsequently enrolled in the program.1 It has been estimated that 77 million of more than 92 million Filipinos are covered by PHIC as of March 2009. And 72 percent of the 4.7 million indigent families are enrolled in the sponsored program.2R.A. No. 7875 targets 100 percent cove r jump on of the indigent population3 but disdain national government appropriations, sin tax collections, local government sponsorships and other sources, a vast number of poor are not yet covered by PHIC hence a mechanism of enrolling these patients at the Point of Care was established to plug that all poor that is in horrible need of quality health services is covered by Philhealth. The Point of Care (POC) frame leave provide indigent patients or those belonging to frame C-3 to D availment of Philhealth benefits.4Ensuring access of the less privileged members of society to health care is the main aim of the POC system and the additional aim is to offset hospital bring up costs of free services to the uninsured hence assuring sustainability. This think over then focuses on the latter and looks into the initial effects of the POC system on hospital shouldered costs.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATUREHealth care for all is a seemingly profound undertaking providing medical exami nation assurance for people from all walks of life even the interrogation of sustainability and accessibility is still an ongoing issue. Despite the improving economy and work force, health care continues to remain less of a priority as finances are being concentrated to the basic needs of life.In a study by Tsilaajav in March 2009 focal point on costing study for selected Philippine hospitals, the average unit cost of pop outpatient visit is P378 while emergency visit is P552. The average inpatient discharge on tertiary public hospitals would range from 1,500 to 10,000 pesos.5 This considerable amount is threatening to low income families compromising their general health.There are several types of amends systems in the Philippines. common soldier health insurances works by giving coverage separately for hospitalization as well as emergency cases however premiums may be costly. Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) which is the common managed care plan in the country covers b asic medical expenses from preventive and outpatient setting aside from hospitalization. And the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHIC), reinventing consumer payment schemes since the establishment of Medicare, provides affordable health insurance for Filipinos at any age. Although these insurance systems may come free during employment, still there is a higher chance of discontinuity especially for those with average to low monthly incomes. And as insurance premiums may rise exponentially yearly, many of the insured in output will become uninsured.The uninsured or people with no insurance coverage are no different from those insured. They are struck with common diseases however receiving less preventive care and screenings foregoing medical care due to costs leading to higher mortality rates.6 Hence the government plays a opposite role in providing access to medical care for everyone.The Aquino administration aims to provide accessible and available health services for al l Filipinos by its Universal Health Care also referred to as Kalusugan Pangkalahatan. A health care that is accessible, efficient, equitably distributed, adequately funded, fairly finance and appropriately use by all. However despite efforts of the government to provide easy access to care especially to the poor, still there are vast majority who are uninsured hence approach with unaffordable medical bills during admissions, more out of easy lay expenditures and with these thoughts in mind would later forego care because of costs and may defeat the purpose of the government of providing pecuniary risk protection for all especially the poor.The PHIC last November 17, 2013 with Joint order No. 2013-0033 implemented the Point of Care Enrollment Program for Hospital-Sponsored Members to further confirm the Aquino administration program of universal health care more so foc utilise on the indigents as stipulated on Republic Act 7875 which clearly mentions all indigents not enrolled i n the program shall have the priority in the use and the availment of the services and facilities of government hospitals. 1The Point of Care System caters to non-member who were assessed by the health check Social Worker as class C-3 and class D and members who are not covered due to lack of qualifying contribution and classified as class C-3 and D. Patients enrolled under the POC will be covered with in and out patient benefits including the no balance calculate policy. The premium amount will be shouldered by the hospital and the coverage of Hospital Sponsored Membership shall be from the first daylight of confinement month and shall end on the last day of the same calendar year. Sponsorship will be continued by the National Government if the applicant remains in the same class per year upon re-evaluation.Thru Point of Care System patients will be given enough benefits and be more confident in utilizing health care services without being rouse of the costs and in return lesse ns the quality fee services and out of pocket expenditures and more importantly improve hospital reimbursements. However up to date this new system does not have local take analysis and there are no comprehensive studies up to date hence this study. question QUESTIONThe National Health Insurance Act through the National Health Insurance Program ensures health coverage for all. The point of care system covers class C-3 and D admissible or admitted patients. However to date there is still yet to be a study providing a local level analysis of the impact of Point of Care system. Additionally, it is still unknown how the system will impact the financial status of hospitals and its sustainability issues. Thus this research aims to answer the question Will the POC implementation reduce hospital shouldered health care costs for indigent patients?SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYThe Point of Care system has had an fast effect on healthcare institutions and subsequently the health coverage. It aim s to provide financial risk protection to all Filipinos especially the poor as implemented through the Aquino Agenda. As quality of patient healthcare is directly tied to the sustainability of hospitals, the point of care system will affect the finances and decision-making of hospitals and will directly make up ones mind whether or not financial risk protection for the poor is in fact being achieved. Hospitals will be able to identify the areas of concern and areas of harvest-festival the point of care will be providing regarding efficiency and sustainability and in return will encourage low-income patients to avail the system.OBJECTIVESThe general objective of this study is to compare hospital shouldered costs for patients admitted for common conditions seen in Family Medicine pre and post Point of Care.Specifically, based on secondary selective information provided by the gray Philippines Medical Center, the study shall1. describe patients admitted in Southern Philippines Medic al Center from June 1, 2013 to March 31, 2014 in terms of a) demographic characteristics (age, sex, address) b) diagnosis c) MSW sorting d) other external sources of health bills (CMAP, Lingap) e) length of hospital stay2. compare the hospital revenue pre and post POC3. compare hospital shouldered costs pre and post POC which complicates cost of POC enrollment and additional subvention on top of PHIC and other external sources reimbursement.4. compare the hospital revenue pre and post POC.METHODOLOGYResearch DesignRetrospective CohortSettingSouthern Philippines Medical Center, Retrospective date covering June 2013 to March 2014InclusionThe Department of Family Medicine caters to patients aged 14-60 years old only. Hence patients who fall on the age bracket admitted with following diagnosis AGE with moderate, DHF I, CAP moderate risk or PCAP-C enrolled in the point of care system and age group and diagnosis matched patients without insurance admitted for the said conditions that were not enrolled in POC will be included.ExclusionCharts and bills that could not be retrievedDEFINITION OF VARIABLESAge refers to the chronological age of the admitted patient.Sex refers to the biological sex of the admitted patient.Address refers to admitted patients dwelling area.Philhealth Insurance Status refers to patients PHIC membership status.Diagnosis refers to patients identified cause of admission. tote up Hospital Bill refers to the total amount incurred during length of hospital stay.Total Out-of-Pocket Payment refers to the amount paid by the patient not subsidized by insurance provider.Philhealth Reimbursement refers to the amount refunded by the Philhealth Insurance System.Total Hospital Subsidized Costs refers to the amount shouldered or written off by the hospital after PHIC reimbursement, reimbursements from external sources (CMAP/PDAF) and total out of pocket payments have been deducted from the total hospital bill. It would be computed as Total Bill (PHIC Reimbursment + External Sources Reimbursement + Out of Pocket Payments.)Data GatheringData pull together will commence as soon as approval from the DOH XI CERC is obtained. The principal investigator will gather the data using the charts and billing statements as the source and transcribe this in the data collection form seen in Appendix A.Charts will be gathered and will be segregate according to diagnosis and be separated as to with or without POC. Variables will be collected as followsVariablesIndependent variables1. Demographic data (age, sex, address)2. Diagnosis3. MSW classification4. Other external sources of funding5. length of hospital stayMain outcome measures and other dependent variablesThe main outcome measure for this study is the Total Hospital Subsidy given for pre and post POC patients. Other outcome measures of interest include the total hospital bill for pre and post POC patients, the PHIC reimbursements, and the total out of pocket payments and the reim bursement from external sources. The total out of pocket payment and total hospital subsidy, if not reflected from the total bill, will be cross checked from the database of cashier segment or lingap using the patients complete name or hospital number.The co-author can randomly check the transcribed data with the original data sources to ensure data integrity.Data AnalysisData will be encoded in excel format and will be analyzed using Epi Info variate 7.0. Descriptive statistics will be used to summarize data. Comparison of continuous variable will be made using the t test and monotonous variables will be compared using the chi-square test.Mean Total Bill Gross Total Bill / Number of Admitted Patients under FMMean Amount Reimbursed by PHIC Gross Total Reimbursement/ Number of Admitted Patients under FMMean Patient Out of Pocket Payments Gross Out of Pocket Payments / Number of Admitted Patients under FMMean Hospital Subsidy Gross Total Subsidy / Number of Admitted Patients un der FMGross Total Bill Total Bill of all Admitted patients under FMGross Philhealth Reimbursement Total PHIC Reimbursement of all Admitted patients under FM.Sample Size CalculationUsing the following assumptionsalpha = 5 (two-sided)power = 80m1 = 3000m2 = 2500sd1 = 800sd2 = 800n2/n1 = 1A total of 82 participants (41 without and 41 with POC) per disease entity will be required for this study having a sum total of 246 patients. Estimates were made using the standard 5% alpha error and 80% power since there were no previous studies for reference.ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONSEthics ReviewThe protocol of this research will be submitted for approval to the DOH XI Cluster Ethics Review Committee.PrivacyPatient data will be anonymized prior to analysis. No private contact with individual patients shall be made.ConfidentialityPatient data for analysis will be anonymized.How will you keep the data and for how long?After initial analysis, the anonymized data will be stored electronically and will be retained for 5 years from the time of initial analysis under the custody of Dr. Seurinane Sean Espanola and Ma. Elinore Concha. Within this property period, the investigators listed in this protocol may refer any number of times to the data for clarification, further analysis and/or re-analysis.How will you discard/dispose of the data?After the 5-year retention period, the electronic data will be permanently deleted.Who can access data?Only the investigators listed in this protocol will be given access to the raw data for reference and initial or subsequent analysis.Extent of use of study dataData shall be used solely for the objective of analysis of the Point of Care System, as stated in previous sections of this protocol proposal. No facts or information shall be released without the prior try for of the medical director of the hospital. Necessary steps shall be taken to assure that this information will not be made accessible to persons impertinent of the research team.Autho rship and contributorshipa. Who are the authors or contributors to the present piece of music?The authors and contributors to this study shall be given proper recognition in the formulation of the follow-up paper. Authors and Co-authors include Dr. Seurinane Sean Espanola and Dr. Ma. Elinore Concha respectivelyb. Acknowledgment of original data collectorsProper acknowledgment shall be given to the Southern Philippines Medical Center for original data collection.c. Written consent of original data collectors that the data can be used for further researchWritten consent for use of secondary data shall be bespeak from Dr. Leopoldo J. Vega, the Chief-Of-Hospital.Conflicts of interestThe author and co-author hereby declare that they have no conflicts of interest.PublicationPublication shall be pursued at the onset of writing of the paper for this study. Submissions shall be sent to relevant publishers who can help promote the awareness of this topic.FundingDr. Seurinane Sean Espanola i s presently seeking funds to cover the expenses for this research.Dummy skirtsDUMMY RESULTS Table 1. Comparison of Baseline Characteristics*using t-test**using chi-square testTable 2. Comparative parameters between POC and pre-POC PhilHealth sample (Note separate tables will be made for the other medical case rate diagnoses)BUDGETAdministrative expenses and suppliesFor office supplies and support expenses as requested by the Health Sciences Program. Funds would go towards providing computer and office post and travel if needed.TIMETABLEReferences1. Philhealth. November 7, 2013 Manual of Operations and Procedures for the Implementation of the Point of Care Enrollment Program for Hospital-Sponsored Members. (Philhealth Joint Order 2013-0033) PHIC, Pasig.2. Philhealth at a Glance. The National Health Insurance Program. Senate Economic Planning Office. November 2009.3. Philhealth. October 14 2013. Implementation of the Point of Care Enrollment Program (Philhealth Circular 0032-2013). PHIC. Pasig4. Philhealth. March 26, 2013. Enrollment of the Critical Poor under the Sponsored Program of the National Health Insurance Program at Point of Service. (DOH Department Order/Philhealth Office Order2013-0031). PHIC, Pasig.6. The Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the uninsurable. September 2013. Key Facts about the Uninsured Population.APPENDIX APOC Study Data Collection formPatients Initials ______________________________________________Hospital Record number _________________________________________Age ______Sex __Male __FemaleDiagnosis ______________________________________________________MSW Classification __C3__D date Admitted ________________Date Discharged ______________Detailed Hospital Bill (attach if possible)1

Schools Equating Disability with Inability to Learn :: Education Disabilities Teaching Essays

Schools Equating Disability with Inability to Learn One need not consult a scholar of direction to learn that each and every individual experiences the educational system in a different way. Most people would even be able to stage to the factors that most influence our differences in the way we are taught--race, class, and gender. In focusing in on those three, however, some factors which are pretty influential are sometimes ignored. One of these is physical and other disabilities.In an interview with a disabled individual, Phillip, I learned a number of things. To begin with, I was ignorant virtu tout ensembley the extent of discrimination that disabled individuals face in the formal educational setting. Secondly, the discrimination that disabled individuals face is similar to that which economically disadvantaged individuals experience. In Phillips case, the similarities were seen in the his being tracked in the lower level and the presumption that deaf is synonymous with in educable. So although Phillip and I are of the same race, and our families are relatively conclusion in socioeconomic status, we experienced school in a drastically different way--simply because Phillip has a hearing disability.Phillip has a profound sensorineural loss, which essentially nub that he can hear very little of conversational speech, even though he wears a hearing aid in one ear. Although Phillip communicates without subscribe language and other augmentative communication, he has experienced many trials throughout his life, especially in the educational setting. He understands language only by version lips and using contextual cues according to his environment.Phillip doesnt remember much of his elementary school experience, but for the most part, his language was very poor, from a developmental perspective, and he was kept in classes where there were only deaf students present. He refers to his elementary school experience as positive, but isnt really sure whether it was just the fun and ferment of his youth which overwhelmed the barriers that he would later experience in his life.Phillips true experience with discrimination in the school setting began when he entered junior high, where he was mainstreamed, and took subjects among all of his peers, whether they were hearing or not. In high school Phillip was partially mainstreamed. He took English and other required courses with his deaf peers, but for his electives and physical education, he was fix in classes where the majority of the population was hearing. In junior high, Phillip has vivid memories of not being able to understand teachers.

Conflict And Resolution Within A Work Group Essay example -- Group Tea

Effective communications is defined as the successful exchange of schooling between individuals. An effective communicator is successful in establishing an active two-way link with another individual or crowd. When people make water in groups, there argon two quite separate issues involved. The first is the task and the problems involved in getting the job done. The second is the process of the group work itself the mechanisms by which the group acts as a unit. Without due attention to this process the value of the group can be diminished or even destroyed yet with a little explicit management of the process, it can enhance the worth of the group to be many times the sum of the worth of its individuals. It is this synergy which makes group work attractive in corporate organization despite the possible problems (and time spent) in group formation (Blair, 2015). Conflict and Causes of ConflictsConflict is any situation in which individuals or groups do not agree. Individuals or g roups have different ideas, interest or goals and can not compromise because the opposing parties have strong beliefs that they atomic number 18 very different from each other. People have different views on many different subjects therefore, when interests are threatened, conflicts arise. There are two types of conflicts positive conflicts and prohibit conflicts. A positive conflict is where the outcome of the conflict results in a positive solution. If the conflict creates better decisions, develops shared ideas, and personal growth and change, it is considered to be a positive conflict. Negative conflict is where the outcome of the conflict creates a destructive result. If the conflict creates unresolved anger, personality clashes, grim self esteem or low ... ...rson chooses the way the encoded message is to be transmitted or channeled to the other person or group. This can be done by various ways, such as, face-to-face, written, or electronic mail, just to touch on a few. Upon receiving the message the receiver has the option to provide feedback to the source. Feedback is a fundamental part of the communication process. It is important to escort how critical feedback can be and how it can overcome difficulties when communicating. The group process must be planned, monitored and reviewed just like any other managed process (Blair, 2015). ReferencesBlair, G.M. (n.d.). Groups that work. Web. 17 April 2015.http//www.see.ed.ac.uk/gerard/Management/art0.htmlBeard, Ronald. (n.d.). Working With Group Conflict University of Maine. Web. 17 April 2015.http//www.umext.maine.edu/onlinepubs/PDFpubs/6106.pdf

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Essay -- Informative Essay

Ocean Thermal heftiness Conversion (OTEC) is the process of converting the ocean water supplys temperature difference at different depths into working(a) energy. From the solar heated upper depths of the ocean to the cooler depths downstairs 2,000 feet a 40 degree temperature difference must be maintained to generate electricity. This is a relatively new and unheard of source of energy. Many populate atomic number 18 not aware of the many benefits of OTEC and the impact it give have in the afterlife as the use of fossil fuel conversion declines. Heightened environmental concerns in todays earthly concern makes OTEC an attractive alternative for energy conversion. The ocean offers a natural and renewable resource which will make it possible for converting energy this way to last for a very long, long time. OTEC is a very cost effective mode of using the oceans waters for energy conversion but its use and benefits to society have been obscure to the general public. In the com ing years OTEC will in all likelihood be at the forefront of new energy resources and a good understanding of it know will prove invaluable to power engineers of the future. How does Thermal Energy Conversion Work?OTEC is a form of solar power in that it uses the suns energy to heat the upper depths of the oceans waters. Since the suns energy cannot penetrate very deep depths (approximately 2000ft.) the temperature below these levels is much colder then those near the surface. Most of the solar energy is absorbed in the top layer (35 to 100 m) of water. This upper layer of warm water is very uniformed in temperature because wind and waves cause the water to circulate and mix. The temperature in this layer can reach close to 82 F (28 C ) from regions close the equator. Beyond this layer the temperature drops noticeably with the depth until 800 m to1000 m. At this depth the temperature is 40 F (4.4 C ). From here the temperature changes very gradually. The colder water at these great depths is the result of melting ice in the polar regions. The colder water has a higher density than the warmer water which causes two important events. first of all the higher density water will sink and displace the lighter, warm water. Secondly, the rotation of the earth forces the heavier cold water to move toward the equator. Because of this, the ocean provides a double reservoir of cold and warm water that can differ in temperature of 40 to 45 F ( 22 to... ...implementation. The system is still in dour research to bring these costs down and also to make improvements on the system. Although the full scale commercial size systems are not practical at this time, small scale experimental plant systems are being for further research. OTEC is expected to make an impact on the future. The Future of OTECOTEC is a very kindle new way of energy conversion. People are skeptical about new and innovative ideas because of their unfamiliarity and lack ofknowledge about the idea. This h olds true with OTEC. Many people are unaware of what OTEC is and the benefits that OTEC holds for the future of our Earth. Much more development and research must be made to make OTEC a large scale proceeding and to bring the cost to consumers down. This is only going to happen if people are made aware of OTEC and its many possibilities. OTEC has many environmental benefits and can produce the world s necessary energy needs for a very long time (it is after all a renewable energy source). We are quite certain that in the upcoming years OTEC will become a much more publicized topic and greater research will come about to produce a fully sized commercial plant.

Comparison of the Two Speeches in Julius Caesar -- comparison compare

Comparison of the Two Speeches in Julius Caesar In William Shakespeargons play The Tragedy of Julius Caesar, two addresses are give to the commonwealth of Rome about Caesars death. In Act 3, Scene 2 of this play Brutus and Antony both try to sway the minds of the Romans toward their views. Brutus tried to make the people recall he killed Caesar for a noble cause. Antony tried to persuade the people that the conspirators committed an act of brutality toward Caesar and were traitors. The effectiveness and ineffectiveness of both Antonys and Brutuss speech to the people are conveyed through tone and rhetorical devices. Brutus made his speech effective in persuading the people by using tone and rhetorical devices. Brutus was compassionate when referring to how he sleep together Caesar as much as Caesars friends of his speech. Brutus was showing compassion on lines18 - 20 when he said, If there be any in this assembly, any devout friend of Caesars, to him I say that Br utuss love to Caesar was no less than his. Brutus said this to help the people understand the sorrow he felt for the loss of Caesar, notwithstanding he felt he killed Caesar for the good of Rome. Brutus anticipated an objection by the people when he said he loved Caesar , so he went on to say on lines 20 - 23, If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer Not that I love Caesar less, but Rome more.Brutus manipulated the people with rhetorical questions. He asks them on lines 29 - 33, who is so base, that they would be a bondman, who is so rude, that they would not be a Roman, and who is so vile, that will not love his country, the people do not want to be against their country nor do they want to be so base to be a slave.... ...ns. This made Antonys speech more effective in the fact that he used detailed reasoning for why Caesar was not ambitious. This was why the people came to his favor in the end. The tones and rhetorical devices they used helped to capture their audience by appealing to their emotions and helping to move the views of Antony and Brutuss views across to their listeners. Comparing effectiveness and ineffectiveness of both speeches was important in ascertain which way the people would be swayed. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. William Shakespeares Julius Caesar. Chelsea House Publisher Connecticut, New York, & Pennsylvania. 1988, Pg. 33 - 36 Durband, Alan. Shakespeare Made Easy Julius Caesar. Barrons Educational Series, Inc. New York. 1985. Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Ed. Alan Durband. London Hutchinson & Co. Publishers Ltd., 1984.